1830s vs decade

1830s and decade both are nouns.

Word	Noun	Adjective	Verb	Adverb
1830s	Yes	No	No	No
decade	Yes	No	No	No

As nouns, decade is a hypernym of 1830s; that is, decade is a word with a broader meaning than 1830s:

Other hypernyms of 1830s include decennary, decennium.

1830s (noun)	decade (noun)
the decade from 1830 to 1839	the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system
	a period of 10 years