castigation vs punishment

castigation and punishment both are nouns.

Word	Noun	Adjective	Verb	Adverb
castigation	Yes	No	No	No
punishment	Yes	No	No	No

As nouns, punishment is a hypernym of castigation; that is, punishment is a word with a broader meaning than castigation:

Other hypernyms of castigation include penalisation, penalization, penalty.

castigation (noun)	punishment (noun)
verbal punishment	the act of punishing, or the infliction of a penalty
a severe scolding