patois vs non-standard speech

patois and non-standard speech both are nouns.

Word	Noun	Adjective	Verb	Adverb
patois	Yes	No	No	No
non-standard speech	Yes	No	No	No

As nouns, non-standard speech is a hypernym of patois; that is, non-standard speech is a word with a broader meaning than patois:

patois: a characteristic language of a particular group (as among thieves)
non-standard speech: speech that differs from the usual accepted, easily recognizable speech of native adult members of a speech community

patois (noun)	non-standard speech (noun)
a regional dialect of a language (especially French); usually considered substandard	speech that differs from the usual accepted, easily recognizable speech of native adult members of a speech community
a characteristic language of a particular group (as among thieves)