ballerina vs adult female

ballerina and adult female both are nouns.

Word	Noun	Adjective	Verb	Adverb
ballerina	Yes	No	No	No
adult female	Yes	No	No	No

As nouns, adult female is a hypernym of ballerina; that is, adult female is a word with a broader meaning than ballerina:

Other hypernyms of ballerina include ballet dancer, woman.

ballerina (noun)	adult female (noun)
a female ballet dancer	an adult female person (as opposed to a man)