cleaning woman vs adult female

cleaning woman and adult female both are nouns.

Word	Noun	Adjective	Verb	Adverb
cleaning woman	Yes	No	No	No
adult female	Yes	No	No	No

As nouns, adult female is a hypernym of cleaning woman; that is, adult female is a word with a broader meaning than cleaning woman:

Other hypernyms of cleaning woman include cleaner, woman.

cleaning woman (noun)	adult female (noun)
a human female employed to do housework	an adult female person (as opposed to a man)