freedwoman vs adult female

freedwoman and adult female both are nouns.

Word	Noun	Adjective	Verb	Adverb
freedwoman	Yes	No	No	No
adult female	Yes	No	No	No

As nouns, adult female is a hypernym of freedwoman; that is, adult female is a word with a broader meaning than freedwoman:

Other hypernyms of freedwoman include freedperson, woman.

freedwoman (noun)	adult female (noun)
a female person who has been freed from slavery	an adult female person (as opposed to a man)