ten vs large integer

ten and large integer both are nouns.

Word	Noun	Adjective	Verb	Adverb
ten	Yes	Yes	No	No
large integer	Yes	No	No	No

As nouns, large integer is a hypernym of ten; that is, large integer is a word with a broader meaning than ten:

ten: the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system
large integer: an integer equal to or greater than ten

ten (noun)	large integer (noun)
one of four playing cards in a deck with ten pips on the face	an integer equal to or greater than ten
the cardinal number that is the sum of nine and one; the base of the decimal system

ten (adjective)	large integer (adjective)
being one more than nine