ten thousand vs large integer

ten thousand and large integer both are nouns.

Word	Noun	Adjective	Verb	Adverb
ten thousand	Yes	Yes	No	No
large integer	Yes	No	No	No

As nouns, large integer is a hypernym of ten thousand; that is, large integer is a word with a broader meaning than ten thousand:

ten thousand: the cardinal number that is the product of ten and one thousand
large integer: an integer equal to or greater than ten

ten thousand (noun)	large integer (noun)
the cardinal number that is the product of ten and one thousand	an integer equal to or greater than ten

ten thousand (adjective)	large integer (adjective)
denoting a quantity consisting of 10,000 items or units