vertebral artery vs arteria

vertebral artery and arteria both are nouns.

Word	Noun	Adjective	Verb	Adverb
vertebral artery	Yes	No	No	No
arteria	Yes	No	No	No

As nouns, arteria is a hypernym of vertebral artery; that is, arteria is a word with a broader meaning than vertebral artery:

vertebral artery: the first branch of the subclavian artery; divided into four parts
arteria: a blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the body

Other hypernyms of vertebral artery include arterial blood vessel, artery.

vertebral artery (noun)	arteria (noun)
the first branch of the subclavian artery; divided into four parts	a blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the body