aorta vs arterial blood vessel

aorta and arterial blood vessel both are nouns.

Word	Noun	Adjective	Verb	Adverb
aorta	Yes	No	No	No
arterial blood vessel	Yes	No	No	No

As nouns, arterial blood vessel is a hypernym of aorta; that is, arterial blood vessel is a word with a broader meaning than aorta:

aorta: the large trunk artery that carries blood from the left ventricle of the heart to branch arteries
arterial blood vessel: a blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the body

Other hypernyms of aorta include arteria, artery.

aorta (noun)	arterial blood vessel (noun)
the large trunk artery that carries blood from the left ventricle of the heart to branch arteries	a blood vessel that carries blood from the heart to the body