disadvantage vs penalty

disadvantage and penalty both are nouns.

Word	Noun	Adjective	Verb	Adverb
disadvantage	Yes	No	Yes	No
penalty	Yes	No	No	No

As nouns, penalty is a hyponym of disadvantage; that is, penalty is a word with a more specific, narrower meaning than disadvantage:

disadvantage (noun)	penalty (noun)
the quality of having an inferior or less favorable position	the act of punishing, or the infliction of a penalty
	the disadvantage or painful consequences of an action or condition
	(games) a handicap or disadvantage that is imposed on a competitor (or a team) for an infraction of the rules of the game
	a payment required for not fulfilling a contract

disadvantage (verb)	penalty (verb)
put at a disadvantage; hinder, harm